![]() BD-1 and BD-2 diverged and have distinctively different genomic traits, namely, heterogeneity in VSP-2, VPI-1, mobile elements, toxin encoding elements, and total gene abundance. Pangenome analysis provided evidence of gene acquisition by both BD-1 and BD-2, of which six crucial proteins of known function were predominant in BD-2. Regression analysis of root to tip distance and year of isolation indicated early BD-0 strains at the base, whereas BD-1 and BD-2 subsequently emerged and progressed by accumulating SNPs. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 140 SNPs and 31 indels, resulting in gene alleles unique to BD-1 and BD-2. BD-1 and BD-2 lineages overlapped temporally but were negatively associated as causative agents of cholera during 2004 to 2017. cholerae El Tor strains comprised two lineages, BD-1 and BD-2, which, according to Bayesian phylodynamic analysis, originated from paraphyletic group BD-0 around 1981. ![]() Core genome phylogeny established using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed V. ![]() cholerae El Tor strains isolated during endemic cholera in Bangladesh (1991 to 2017) included reference genome sequence data obtained online. Comparative genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae El Tor associated with endemic cholera in Asia revealed two distinct lineages, one dominant in Bangladesh and the other in India. ![]()
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